EKS Networking Hands-on
CloudNet 팀의 2026년 AWS EKS Workshop Study 4기 2주차 학습 내용을 담고 있습니다.
1. 실습 환경 구성
2주차 실습 자료를 다운로드 받아 실습 환경을 구성하였습니다.
금주 Pod의 IP 할당 실습이 진행될 예정으로, Terraform 코드 내 서브넷 마스크가 22로 변경되어 있습니다.
# 코드 다운로드, 작업 디렉터리 이동
git clone https://github.com/gasida/aews.git
cd aews/2w
# 변수 지정
export TF_VAR_KeyName=$(aws ec2 describe-key-pairs --query "KeyPairs[].KeyName" --output text)
export TF_VAR_ssh_access_cidr=$(curl -s ipinfo.io/ip)/32
echo $TF_VAR_KeyName $TF_VAR_ssh_access_cidr
# 배포 : 12분 정도 소요
terraform init
terraform plan
nohup sh -c "terraform apply -auto-approve" > create.log 2>&1 &
tail -f create.log
# 자격증명 설정
terraform output -raw configure_kubectl
aws eks --region ap-southeast-1 update-kubeconfig --name myeks
kubectl config rename-context $(cat ~/.kube/config | grep current-context | awk '{print $2}') myeks
2. EKS 기본 정보 확인
# 클러스터 확인
kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes control plane is running at https://F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2.gr7.ap-southeast-1.eks.amazonaws.com
CoreDNS is running at https://F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2.gr7.ap-southeast-1.eks.amazonaws.com/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy
To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.
eksctl get cluster
NAME REGION EKSCTL CREATED
myeks ap-southeast-1 False
# 네임스페이스 default 변경 적용
kubens default
Context "arn:aws:eks:ap-southeast-1:{AccountID}:cluster/myeks" modified.
Active namespace is "default".
# 노드 정보 확인
kubectl get node --label-columns=node.kubernetes.io/instance-type,eks.amazonaws.com/capacityType,topology.kubernetes.io/zone
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INSTANCE-TYPE CAPACITYTYPE ZONE
ip-192-168-0-174.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 22m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f t3.medium ON_DEMAND ap-southeast-1a
ip-192-168-6-86.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 22m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f t3.medium ON_DEMAND ap-southeast-1b
ip-192-168-9-205.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 22m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f t3.medium ON_DEMAND ap-southeast-1c
kubectl get node -v=6
I0326 04:30:35.878065 77812 cmd.go:527] kubectl command headers turned on
I0326 04:30:35.938921 77812 loader.go:402] Config loaded from file: /Users/mzc01-siyoung/.kube/config
I0326 04:30:35.943113 77812 envvar.go:172] "Feature gate default state" feature="ClientsAllowCBOR" enabled=false
I0326 04:30:35.943152 77812 envvar.go:172] "Feature gate default state" feature="ClientsPreferCBOR" enabled=false
I0326 04:30:35.943156 77812 envvar.go:172] "Feature gate default state" feature="InformerResourceVersion" enabled=false
I0326 04:30:35.943159 77812 envvar.go:172] "Feature gate default state" feature="InOrderInformers" enabled=true
I0326 04:30:35.943161 77812 envvar.go:172] "Feature gate default state" feature="WatchListClient" enabled=false
I0326 04:30:35.943164 77812 envvar.go:172] "Feature gate default state" feature="InOrderInformersBatchProcess" enabled=false
I0326 04:30:37.183790 77812 round_trippers.go:632] "Response" verb="GET" url="https://F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2.gr7.ap-southeast-1.eks.amazonaws.com/api/v1/nodes?limit=500" status="200 OK" milliseconds=1210
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
ip-192-168-0-174.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 23m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f
ip-192-168-6-86.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 23m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f
ip-192-168-9-205.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 23m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f
# 노드 라벨 확인
# Terraform에서 설정된 'tier=primary' node label 확인 가능
kubectl get node --show-labels
kubectl get node -l tier=primary
ip-192-168-9-205.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 24m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/instance-type=t3.medium,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,eks.amazonaws.com/capacityType=ON_DEMAND,eks.amazonaws.com/nodegroup-image=ami-07519ef34ac4a1ff4,eks.amazonaws.com/nodegroup=myeks-1nd-node-group,eks.amazonaws.com/sourceLaunchTemplateId=lt-0dd63f934ada196b4,eks.amazonaws.com/sourceLaunchTemplateVersion=1,failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/region=ap-southeast-1,failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/zone=ap-southeast-1c,k8s.io/cloud-provider-aws=5553ae84a0d29114870f67bbabd07d44,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=ip-192-168-9-205.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal,kubernetes.io/os=linux,node.kubernetes.io/instance-type=t3.medium,**tier=primary**,topology.k8s.aws/zone-id=apse1-az3,topology.kubernetes.io/region=ap-southeast-1,topology.kubernetes.io/zone=ap-southeast-1c
# 파드 정보 확인
kubectl get pod -A
kubectl get pdb -n kube-system
NAME MIN AVAILABLE MAX UNAVAILABLE ALLOWED DISRUPTIONS AGE
coredns N/A 1 1 82m
# 클러스터와 노드 그룹 이름을 지정하여 노드그룹 확인
aws eks describe-nodegroup --cluster-name myeks --nodegroup-name myeks-1nd-node-group | jq
# eks addon 확인
aws eks list-addons --cluster-name myeks | jq
eksctl get addon --cluster myeks
NAME VERSION STATUS ISSUES IAMROLE UPDATE AVAILABLE CONFIGURATION VALUES NAMESPACE POD IDENTITY ASSOCIATION ROLES
coredns v1.13.2-eksbuild.3 ACTIVE 0 kube-system
kube-proxy v1.34.5-eksbuild.2 ACTIVE 0 kube-system
vpc-cni v1.21.1-eksbuild.5 ACTIVE 0 {"env":{"WARM_ENI_TARGET":"1"}} kube-system
3. 노드의 네트워크 정보 확인
# EC2 ENI IP 확인
aws ec2 describe-instances --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].{PublicIPAdd:PublicIpAddress,PrivateIPAdd:PrivateIpAddress,InstanceName:Tags[?Key=='Name']|[0].Value,Status:State.Name}" --filters Name=instance-state-name,Values=running --output table
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| DescribeInstances |
+-----------------------+----------------+------------------+----------+
| InstanceName | PrivateIPAdd | PublicIPAdd | Status |
+-----------------------+----------------+------------------+----------+
| myeks-1nd-node-group | 192.168.9.205 | 13.229.157.220 | running |
| myeks-1nd-node-group | 192.168.0.174 | 52.77.251.226 | running |
| myeks-1nd-node-group | 192.168.6.86 | 13.228.25.57 | running |
+-----------------------+----------------+------------------+----------+
# 각 노드의 Public IP를 일시적 환경변수로 적용
N1=13.229.157.220
N2=52.77.251.226
N3=13.228.25.57
# 워커 노드 SSH 접속
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no ec2-user@$i hostname; echo; done
# 파드 상세 정보 확인
kubectl get daemonset aws-node --namespace kube-system -owide
kubectl describe daemonset aws-node --namespace kube-system
# kube-proxy config 확인 : 모드 iptables 사용
kubectl describe cm -n kube-system kube-proxy-config
...
mode: "iptables"
...
kubectl describe cm -n kube-system kube-proxy-config | grep iptables: -A5
iptables:
masqueradeAll: false
masqueradeBit: 14
minSyncPeriod: 0s
syncPeriod: 30s
ipvs:
# ipvs는 지원중단으로 nftables 사용 권장
# aws-node 데몬셋 env 확인
kubectl get ds aws-node -n kube-system -o json | jq '.spec.template.spec.containers[0].env'
# 노드 IP 확인
aws ec2 describe-instances --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].{PublicIPAdd:PublicIpAddress,PrivateIPAdd:PrivateIpAddress,InstanceName:Tags[?Key=='Name']|[0].Value,Status:State.Name}" --filters Name=instance-state-name,Values=running --output table
# 파드 IP 확인
kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o=custom-columns=NAME:.metadata.name,IP:.status.podIP,STATUS:.status.phase
# 파드 이름 확인
kubectl get pod -A -o name
# 파드 갯수 확인
kubectl get pod -A -o name | wc -ls
# cni log 확인
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i tree /var/log/aws-routed-eni ; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo cat /var/log/aws-routed-eni/plugin.log | jq ; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo cat /var/log/aws-routed-eni/ipamd.log | jq ; echo; done
# 네트워크 정보 확인 : eniY는 pod network 네임스페이스와 veth pair
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -br -c addr; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c addr; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c route; echo; done
ssh ec2-user@$N1 sudo iptables -t nat -S
ssh ec2-user@$N1 sudo iptables -t nat -L -n -v
3.1 워커 노드의 ENI 확인
- 실습용으로 생성한 t3.medium 타입의 경우 ENI는 3개, ENI마다 최대 6개의 IP를 가질 수 있습니다. 그 중 Secondary IP만 포드에 할당이 가능하므로 노드 하나 당 최대 15개까지의 포드 생성이 가능합니다.
워커 노드의 인스턴스 네트워크 정보에서 프라이빗 IP 2개와 Secondary 프라이빗 IP 10개가 확인됩니다.
- 보조 IPv4 주소를 coredns 파드가 사용하는지 확인 ⇒ coredns 파드가 배치되지 않은 워커 노드에 ENI 갯수 확인!
# coredns 파드 IP 정보 확인
# 3개 중 2개 노드에만 Coredns 배치, 배치되지 않은 워커 노드도 ENI 갯수 2개로 동일 (설정에 따라 미리 ENI 추가)
kubectl get pod -n kube-system -l k8s-app=kube-dns -owide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
coredns-7d7954875f-55tcc 1/1 Running 0 46m 192.168.11.99 ip-192-168-9-205.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal <none> <none>
coredns-7d7954875f-pv7rs 1/1 Running 0 49m 192.168.2.12 ip-192-168-0-174.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal <none> <none>
# 노드의 라우팅 정보 확인
# EC2 네트워크 정보의 '보조 프라이빗 IPv4 주소'에 있는 IP가 확인됨
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c route; echo; done
>> node 52.77.251.226 <<
default via 192.168.0.1 dev ens5 proto dhcp src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.0.0/22 dev ens5 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.0.1 dev ens5 proto dhcp scope link src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.0.2 dev ens5 proto dhcp scope link src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.2.12 dev eni4d2fe644677 scope link
192.168.3.22 dev enia7cc107bbb9 scope link
# IpamD debugging commands
# https://github.com/aws/amazon-vpc-cni-k8s/blob/master/docs/troubleshooting.md
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i curl -s http://localhost:61679/v1/enis | jq; echo; done
3.2 Network-Multitool 디플로이먼트 생성
Network-Multitool: https://github.com/Praqma/Network-MultiTool
# [터미널1~3] 노드 모니터링
ssh ec2-user@$N1
watch -d "ip link | egrep 'ens|eni' ;echo;echo "[ROUTE TABLE]"; route -n | grep eni"
ssh ec2-user@$N2
watch -d "ip link | egrep 'ens|eni' ;echo;echo "[ROUTE TABLE]"; route -n | grep eni"
ssh ec2-user@$N3
watch -d "ip link | egrep 'ens|eni' ;echo;echo "[ROUTE TABLE]"; route -n | grep eni"
# Network-Multitool 디플로이먼트 생성
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: netshoot-pod
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: netshoot-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: netshoot-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: netshoot-pod
image: praqma/network-multitool
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- containerPort: 443
env:
- name: HTTP_PORT
value: "80"
- name: HTTPS_PORT
value: "443"
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 0
EOF
# 파드 이름 변수 지정
PODNAME1=$(kubectl get pod -l app=netshoot-pod -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}')
PODNAME2=$(kubectl get pod -l app=netshoot-pod -o jsonpath='{.items[1].metadata.name}')
PODNAME3=$(kubectl get pod -l app=netshoot-pod -o jsonpath='{.items[2].metadata.name}')
echo $PODNAME1 $PODNAME2 $PODNAME3
# 파드 확인
kubectl get pod -o wide
kubectl get pod -o=custom-columns=NAME:.metadata.name,IP:.status.podIP
NAME IP
netshoot-pod-64fbf7fb5-bpj4v 192.168.6.161
netshoot-pod-64fbf7fb5-qg4zl 192.168.3.22
netshoot-pod-64fbf7fb5-z7l4v 192.168.10.66
# 노드에 라우팅 정보 확인
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c route; echo; done
# 파드가 생성되면, 워커 노드에 eniY@ifN 추가되고 라우팅 테이블에도 정보가 추가된다
# 노드3에서 네트워크 인터페이스 정보 확인
ssh ec2-user@$N3
----------------
ip -br -c addr show
ip -c link
ip -c addr
ip route # 혹은 route -n
default via 192.168.4.1 dev ens5 proto dhcp src 192.168.6.86 metric 512
192.168.0.2 via 192.168.4.1 dev ens5 proto dhcp src 192.168.6.86 metric 512
192.168.4.0/22 dev ens5 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.6.86 metric 512
192.168.4.1 dev ens5 proto dhcp scope link src 192.168.6.86 metric 512
192.168.6.161 dev eniea85eb048a4 scope link
# 네임스페이스 정보 출력 -t net(네트워크 타입)
sudo lsns -t net
NS TYPE NPROCS PID USER NETNSID NSFS COMMAND
4026531840 net 115 1 root unassigned /usr/li
4026532207 net 3 14985 65535 0 /run/netns/cni-86002c17-e81e-c751-593a-a7ee7971bfd7 /pause
# 테스트용 파드 접속(exec) 후 Shell 실행
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- bash
# 아래부터는 pod-1 Shell 에서 실행 : 네트워크 정보 확인
----------------------------
ip -c addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth0@if3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
link/ether 2a:0c:7b:0f:9c:45 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet 192.168.6.161/32 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::280c:7bff:fe0f:9c45/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
ip -c route
route -n
ping -c 1 <pod-2 IP>
ps
cat /etc/resolv.conf
----------------------------
# 파드2 Shell 실행
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME2 -- ip -c addr
# 파드3 Shell 실행
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME3 -- ip -br -c addr
3.3 Pod 간 통신 테스트
# 파드 IP 변수 지정
PODIP1=$(kubectl get pod -l app=netshoot-pod -o jsonpath='{.items[0].status.podIP}')
PODIP2=$(kubectl get pod -l app=netshoot-pod -o jsonpath='{.items[1].status.podIP}')
PODIP3=$(kubectl get pod -l app=netshoot-pod -o jsonpath='{.items[2].status.podIP}')
echo $PODIP1 $PODIP2 $PODIP3
# 파드1 Shell 에서 파드2로 ping 테스트
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- ping -c 2 $PODIP2
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- curl -s http://$PODIP2
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- curl -sk https://$PODIP2
# 파드2 Shell 에서 파드3로 ping 테스트
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME2 -- ping -c 2 $PODIP3
# 파드3 Shell 에서 파드1로 ping 테스트
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME3 -- ping -c 2 $PODIP1
# 3건 ping 테스트 모두 VPC 내부 통신이 진행됨
# 워커 노드 EC2 : TCPDUMP 확인
# For Pod to external (outside VPC) traffic, we will program iptables to SNAT using Primary IP address on the Primary ENI.
sudo tcpdump -i any -nn icmp
sudo tcpdump -i ens5 -nn icmp
sudo tcpdump -i ens6 -nn icmp
sudo tcpdump -i eniYYYYYYYY -nn icmp
[워커 노드1]
# routing policy database management 확인
ip rule
# routing table management 확인
ip route show table local
ip route show table main
ip route show table 2
3.4 Pod에서 외부 통신 (NAT 포함)
VPC CNI에서 iptable의 SNAT를 통하여 노드의 ENI IP로 변경되어 외부와 통신합니다. - 파드 shell 실행 후 외부로 ping 테스트 & 워커 노드에서 tcpdump 및 iptables 정보 확인
# pod-1 Shell 에서 외부로 ping
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- ping -c 1 www.google.com
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- ping -i 0.1 www.google.com
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- ping -i 0.1 8.8.8.8
# 워커 노드 EC2 : TCPDUMP 확인
sudo tcpdump -i any -nn icmp
sudo tcpdump -i ens5 -nn icmp
# 퍼블릭IP 확인
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i curl -s ipinfo.io/ip; echo; echo; done
# 작업용 EC2 : pod-1 Shell 에서 외부 접속 확인 - 공인IP는 어떤 주소인가?
# The right way to check the weather - 링크
for i in $PODNAME1 $PODNAME2 $PODNAME3; do echo ">> Pod : $i <<"; kubectl exec -it $i -- curl -s ipinfo.io/ip; echo; echo; done
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- curl -s wttr.in/seoul
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- curl -s wttr.in/seoul?format=3
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- curl -s wttr.in/Moon
kubectl exec -it $PODNAME1 -- curl -s wttr.in/:help
# 워커 노드 EC2
# 출력된 결과를 보고 어떻게 빠져나가는지 고민해보자!
ip rule
0: from all lookup local
512: from all to 192.168.2.12 lookup main
512: from all to 192.168.3.22 lookup main
512: from all to 192.168.2.92 lookup main
1024: from all fwmark 0x80/0x80 lookup main
1536: from 192.168.3.22 lookup 2
32765: from 192.168.2.105 lookup 2
32766: from all lookup main
32767: from all lookup default
ip route show table main
default via 192.168.0.1 dev ens5 proto dhcp src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.0.0/22 dev ens5 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.0.1 dev ens5 proto dhcp scope link src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.0.2 dev ens5 proto dhcp scope link src 192.168.0.174 metric 512
192.168.2.12 dev eni4d2fe644677 scope link
192.168.2.92 dev eniae154f58f13 scope link
192.168.3.22 dev enia7cc107bbb9 scope link
sudo iptables -L -n -v -t nat
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
74 5132 KUBE-SERVICES all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
7 587 AWS-CONNMARK-CHAIN-0 all -- eni+ * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* AWS, outbound connections */
66 4587 CONNMARK all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* AWS, CONNMARK */ CONNMARK restore mask 0x80
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
22285 1376K KUBE-SERVICES all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
22334 1379K KUBE-POSTROUTING all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes postrouting rules */
22284 1375K AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0 all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* AWS SNAT CHAIN */
Chain AWS-CONNMARK-CHAIN-0 (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
6 527 RETURN all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.0/16 /* AWS CONNMARK CHAIN, VPC CIDR */
1 60 CONNMARK all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* AWS, CONNMARK */ CONNMARK or 0x80
Chain AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0 (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
5474 337K RETURN all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.0/16 /* AWS SNAT CHAIN */
11491 719K SNAT all -- * !vlan+ 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* AWS, SNAT */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL to:192.168.0.174 random-fully
Chain KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY (2 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* masquerade traffic for game-2048/service-2048 external destinations */
0 0 KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Chain KUBE-KUBELET-CANARY (0 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain KUBE-MARK-MASQ (12 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 MARK all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK or 0x4000
Chain KUBE-NODEPORTS (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 127.0.0.0/8 /* game-2048/service-2048 */ tcp dpt:31248 nfacct-name localhost_nps_accepted_pkts
0 0 KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* game-2048/service-2048 */ tcp dpt:31248
Chain KUBE-POSTROUTING (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
594 36879 RETURN all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 mark match ! 0x4000/0x4000
0 0 MARK all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK xor 0x4000
0 0 MASQUERADE all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT */ random-fully
Chain KUBE-PROXY-CANARY (0 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain KUBE-SEP-6RLR7GMXHKSBV5ON (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.2.92 0.0.0.0/0 /* game-2048/service-2048 */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* game-2048/service-2048 */ tcp to:192.168.2.92:80
Chain KUBE-SEP-6VXGQ24C3CRAPW4U (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.2.12 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:metrics */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:metrics */ tcp to:192.168.2.12:9153
Chain KUBE-SEP-AUWR7JB63E235DP3 (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.2.135 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/kubernetes:https */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/kubernetes:https */ tcp to:192.168.2.135:443
Chain KUBE-SEP-BA2VDASIQ3OMVE5M (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.2.12 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns */
0 0 DNAT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns */ udp to:192.168.2.12:53
Chain KUBE-SEP-CSVG4NHGS2XS6TPF (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.11.99 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns */
5 365 DNAT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns */ udp to:192.168.11.99:53
Chain KUBE-SEP-MODOG75MZ4OT3F2O (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.11.99 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:metrics */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:metrics */ tcp to:192.168.11.99:9153
Chain KUBE-SEP-OH65GRJIPEG4MHBH (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.11.99 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp */ tcp to:192.168.11.99:53
Chain KUBE-SEP-P5OO4RRMV7356ZII (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.4.161 0.0.0.0/0 /* game-2048/service-2048 */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* game-2048/service-2048 */ tcp to:192.168.4.161:80
Chain KUBE-SEP-WEOD54USIFEM72PZ (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.2.12 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp */ tcp to:192.168.2.12:53
Chain KUBE-SEP-XTO6GIYGMJXUIOZH (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 192.168.9.109 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/kubernetes:https */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/kubernetes:https */ tcp to:192.168.9.109:443
Chain KUBE-SEP-XYDDOFWXZXQGZRSQ (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- * * 172.0.32.0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api */
0 0 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api */ tcp to:172.0.32.0:10443
Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-SVC-NPX46M4PTMTKRN6Y tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 10.100.0.1 /* default/kubernetes:https cluster IP */ tcp dpt:443
0 0 KUBE-SVC-I7SKRZYQ7PWYV5X7 tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 10.100.199.240 /* kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api cluster IP */ tcp dpt:443
5 365 KUBE-SVC-TCOU7JCQXEZGVUNU udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 10.100.0.10 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns cluster IP */ udp dpt:53
0 0 KUBE-SVC-ERIFXISQEP7F7OF4 tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 10.100.0.10 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp cluster IP */ tcp dpt:53
0 0 KUBE-SVC-JD5MR3NA4I4DYORP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 10.100.0.10 /* kube-system/kube-dns:metrics cluster IP */ tcp dpt:9153
0 0 KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 10.100.159.184 /* game-2048/service-2048 cluster IP */ tcp dpt:80
138 8280 KUBE-NODEPORTS all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service nodeports; NOTE: this must be the last rule in this chain */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type LOCAL
Chain KUBE-SVC-ERIFXISQEP7F7OF4 (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-SEP-OH65GRJIPEG4MHBH all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp -> 192.168.11.99:53 */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
0 0 KUBE-SEP-WEOD54USIFEM72PZ all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp -> 192.168.2.12:53 */
Chain KUBE-SVC-I7SKRZYQ7PWYV5X7 (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-SEP-XYDDOFWXZXQGZRSQ all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api -> 172.0.32.0:10443 */
Chain KUBE-SVC-JD5MR3NA4I4DYORP (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-SEP-MODOG75MZ4OT3F2O all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:metrics -> 192.168.11.99:9153 */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
0 0 KUBE-SEP-6VXGQ24C3CRAPW4U all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:metrics -> 192.168.2.12:9153 */
Chain KUBE-SVC-NPX46M4PTMTKRN6Y (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-SEP-AUWR7JB63E235DP3 all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/kubernetes:https -> 192.168.2.135:443 */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
0 0 KUBE-SEP-XTO6GIYGMJXUIOZH all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/kubernetes:https -> 192.168.9.109:443 */
Chain KUBE-SVC-TCOU7JCQXEZGVUNU (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
5 365 KUBE-SEP-CSVG4NHGS2XS6TPF all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns -> 192.168.11.99:53 */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
0 0 KUBE-SEP-BA2VDASIQ3OMVE5M all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kube-system/kube-dns:dns -> 192.168.2.12:53 */
Chain KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY (2 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 KUBE-SEP-6RLR7GMXHKSBV5ON all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* game-2048/service-2048 -> 192.168.2.92:80 */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
0 0 KUBE-SEP-P5OO4RRMV7356ZII all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* game-2048/service-2048 -> 192.168.4.161:80 */
sudo iptables -t nat -S
-P PREROUTING ACCEPT
-P INPUT ACCEPT
-P OUTPUT ACCEPT
-P POSTROUTING ACCEPT
-N AWS-CONNMARK-CHAIN-0
-N AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0
-N KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY
-N KUBE-KUBELET-CANARY
-N KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-N KUBE-NODEPORTS
-N KUBE-POSTROUTING
-N KUBE-PROXY-CANARY
-N KUBE-SEP-6RLR7GMXHKSBV5ON
-N KUBE-SEP-6VXGQ24C3CRAPW4U
-N KUBE-SEP-AUWR7JB63E235DP3
-N KUBE-SEP-BA2VDASIQ3OMVE5M
-N KUBE-SEP-CSVG4NHGS2XS6TPF
-N KUBE-SEP-MODOG75MZ4OT3F2O
-N KUBE-SEP-OH65GRJIPEG4MHBH
-N KUBE-SEP-P5OO4RRMV7356ZII
-N KUBE-SEP-WEOD54USIFEM72PZ
-N KUBE-SEP-XTO6GIYGMJXUIOZH
-N KUBE-SEP-XYDDOFWXZXQGZRSQ
-N KUBE-SERVICES
-N KUBE-SVC-ERIFXISQEP7F7OF4
-N KUBE-SVC-I7SKRZYQ7PWYV5X7
-N KUBE-SVC-JD5MR3NA4I4DYORP
-N KUBE-SVC-NPX46M4PTMTKRN6Y
-N KUBE-SVC-TCOU7JCQXEZGVUNU
-N KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY
-A PREROUTING -m comment --comment "kubernetes service portals" -j KUBE-SERVICES
-A PREROUTING -i eni+ -m comment --comment "AWS, outbound connections" -j AWS-CONNMARK-CHAIN-0
-A PREROUTING -m comment --comment "AWS, CONNMARK" -j CONNMARK --restore-mark --nfmask 0x80 --ctmask 0x80
-A OUTPUT -m comment --comment "kubernetes service portals" -j KUBE-SERVICES
-A POSTROUTING -m comment --comment "kubernetes postrouting rules" -j KUBE-POSTROUTING
-A POSTROUTING -m comment --comment "AWS SNAT CHAIN" -j AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0
-A AWS-CONNMARK-CHAIN-0 -d 192.168.0.0/16 -m comment --comment "AWS CONNMARK CHAIN, VPC CIDR" -j RETURN
-A AWS-CONNMARK-CHAIN-0 -m comment --comment "AWS, CONNMARK" -j CONNMARK --set-xmark 0x80/0x80
-A AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0 -d 192.168.0.0/16 -m comment --comment "AWS SNAT CHAIN" -j RETURN
-A AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0 ! -o vlan+ -m comment --comment "AWS, SNAT" -m addrtype ! --dst-type LOCAL -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.0.174 --random-fully
-A KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY -m comment --comment "masquerade traffic for game-2048/service-2048 external destinations" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY -j KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY
-A KUBE-MARK-MASQ -j MARK --set-xmark 0x4000/0x4000
-A KUBE-NODEPORTS -d 127.0.0.0/8 -p tcp -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048" -m tcp --dport 31248 -m nfacct --nfacct-name localhost_nps_accepted_pkts -j KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY
-A KUBE-NODEPORTS -p tcp -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048" -m tcp --dport 31248 -j KUBE-EXT-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY
-A KUBE-POSTROUTING -m mark ! --mark 0x4000/0x4000 -j RETURN
-A KUBE-POSTROUTING -j MARK --set-xmark 0x4000/0x0
-A KUBE-POSTROUTING -m comment --comment "kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT" -j MASQUERADE --random-fully
-A KUBE-SEP-6RLR7GMXHKSBV5ON -s 192.168.2.92/32 -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-6RLR7GMXHKSBV5ON -p tcp -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.92:80
-A KUBE-SEP-6VXGQ24C3CRAPW4U -s 192.168.2.12/32 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:metrics" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-6VXGQ24C3CRAPW4U -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:metrics" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.12:9153
-A KUBE-SEP-AUWR7JB63E235DP3 -s 192.168.2.135/32 -m comment --comment "default/kubernetes:https" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-AUWR7JB63E235DP3 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/kubernetes:https" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.135:443
-A KUBE-SEP-BA2VDASIQ3OMVE5M -s 192.168.2.12/32 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-BA2VDASIQ3OMVE5M -p udp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns" -m udp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.12:53
-A KUBE-SEP-CSVG4NHGS2XS6TPF -s 192.168.11.99/32 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-CSVG4NHGS2XS6TPF -p udp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns" -m udp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.11.99:53
-A KUBE-SEP-MODOG75MZ4OT3F2O -s 192.168.11.99/32 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:metrics" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-MODOG75MZ4OT3F2O -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:metrics" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.11.99:9153
-A KUBE-SEP-OH65GRJIPEG4MHBH -s 192.168.11.99/32 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-OH65GRJIPEG4MHBH -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.11.99:53
-A KUBE-SEP-P5OO4RRMV7356ZII -s 192.168.4.161/32 -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-P5OO4RRMV7356ZII -p tcp -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.4.161:80
-A KUBE-SEP-WEOD54USIFEM72PZ -s 192.168.2.12/32 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-WEOD54USIFEM72PZ -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.12:53
-A KUBE-SEP-XTO6GIYGMJXUIOZH -s 192.168.9.109/32 -m comment --comment "default/kubernetes:https" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-XTO6GIYGMJXUIOZH -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/kubernetes:https" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.9.109:443
-A KUBE-SEP-XYDDOFWXZXQGZRSQ -s 172.0.32.0/32 -m comment --comment "kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-XYDDOFWXZXQGZRSQ -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 172.0.32.0:10443
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.100.0.1/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/kubernetes:https cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 443 -j KUBE-SVC-NPX46M4PTMTKRN6Y
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.100.199.240/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 443 -j KUBE-SVC-I7SKRZYQ7PWYV5X7
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.100.0.10/32 -p udp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns cluster IP" -m udp --dport 53 -j KUBE-SVC-TCOU7JCQXEZGVUNU
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.100.0.10/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 53 -j KUBE-SVC-ERIFXISQEP7F7OF4
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.100.0.10/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:metrics cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 9153 -j KUBE-SVC-JD5MR3NA4I4DYORP
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.100.159.184/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048 cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 80 -j KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY
-A KUBE-SERVICES -m comment --comment "kubernetes service nodeports; NOTE: this must be the last rule in this chain" -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL -j KUBE-NODEPORTS
-A KUBE-SVC-ERIFXISQEP7F7OF4 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp -> 192.168.11.99:53" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-OH65GRJIPEG4MHBH
-A KUBE-SVC-ERIFXISQEP7F7OF4 -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns-tcp -> 192.168.2.12:53" -j KUBE-SEP-WEOD54USIFEM72PZ
-A KUBE-SVC-I7SKRZYQ7PWYV5X7 -m comment --comment "kube-system/eks-extension-metrics-api:metrics-api -> 172.0.32.0:10443" -j KUBE-SEP-XYDDOFWXZXQGZRSQ
-A KUBE-SVC-JD5MR3NA4I4DYORP -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:metrics -> 192.168.11.99:9153" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-MODOG75MZ4OT3F2O
-A KUBE-SVC-JD5MR3NA4I4DYORP -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:metrics -> 192.168.2.12:9153" -j KUBE-SEP-6VXGQ24C3CRAPW4U
-A KUBE-SVC-NPX46M4PTMTKRN6Y -m comment --comment "default/kubernetes:https -> 192.168.2.135:443" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-AUWR7JB63E235DP3
-A KUBE-SVC-NPX46M4PTMTKRN6Y -m comment --comment "default/kubernetes:https -> 192.168.9.109:443" -j KUBE-SEP-XTO6GIYGMJXUIOZH
-A KUBE-SVC-TCOU7JCQXEZGVUNU -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns -> 192.168.11.99:53" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-CSVG4NHGS2XS6TPF
-A KUBE-SVC-TCOU7JCQXEZGVUNU -m comment --comment "kube-system/kube-dns:dns -> 192.168.2.12:53" -j KUBE-SEP-BA2VDASIQ3OMVE5M
-A KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048 -> 192.168.2.92:80" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-6RLR7GMXHKSBV5ON
-A KUBE-SVC-V7WHPSTR7G6YHTBY -m comment --comment "game-2048/service-2048 -> 192.168.4.161:80" -j KUBE-SEP-P5OO4RRMV7356ZII
# 파드가 외부와 통신시에는 아래 처럼 'AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0' 룰(rule)에 의해서 SNAT 되어서 외부와 통신!
# 참고로 뒤 IP는 eth0(ENI 첫번째)의 IP 주소이다
# --random-fully 동작 - 링크1 링크2
sudo iptables -t nat -S | grep 'A AWS-SNAT-CHAIN'
-A AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0 ! -d 192.168.0.0/16 -m comment --comment "AWS SNAT CHAIN" -j RETURN
-A AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0 ! -o vlan+ -m comment --comment "AWS, SNAT" -m addrtype ! --dst-type LOCAL -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.1.251 --random-fully
# 아래 'mark 0x4000/0x4000' 매칭되지 않아서 RETURN 됨!
-A KUBE-POSTROUTING -m mark ! --mark 0x4000/0x4000 -j RETURN
-A KUBE-POSTROUTING -j MARK --set-xmark 0x4000/0x0
-A KUBE-POSTROUTING -m comment --comment "kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT" -j MASQUERADE --random-fully
...
# 카운트 확인 시 AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0에 매칭되어, 목적지가 192.168.0.0/16 아니고 외부 빠져나갈때 SNAT 192.168.1.251(EC2 노드1 IP) 변경되어 나간다!
sudo iptables -t filter --zero; sudo iptables -t nat --zero; sudo iptables -t mangle --zero; sudo iptables -t raw --zero
watch -d 'sudo iptables -v --numeric --table nat --list AWS-SNAT-CHAIN-0; echo ; sudo iptables -v --numeric --table nat --list KUBE-POSTROUTING; echo ; sudo iptables -v --numeric --table nat --list POSTROUTING'
# conntrack 확인 : EC2 메타데이터 주소(169.254.169.254) 제외 출력
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo conntrack -L -n |grep -v '169.254.169'; echo; done
conntrack v1.4.6 (conntrack-tools): 46 flow entries have been shown.
tcp 6 7 TIME_WAIT src=192.168.0.174 dst=15.221.12.224 sport=55226 dport=443 src=15.221.12.224 dst=192.168.0.174 sport=443 dport=50089 [ASSURED] mark=128 secctx=system_u:object_r:unlabeled_t:s0 use=1
3.5 AWS VPC CNI 주요 설정값 튜닝
현재 설정 확인하기
kubectl 명령어 또는 AWS 콘솔의 add-on 추가 정보에서 확인할 수 있습니다.
1) kubectl
kubectl get ds aws-node -n kube-system -o json | jq '.spec.template.spec.containers[0].env'
{
"name": "WARM_ENI_TARGET",
"value": "1"
},
2) AWS 콘솔 내 Add-on 정보
# 노드 정보 확인 : 노드 중 1대는 eni 가 1개만 배치됨!
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c addr; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c route; echo; done
# IpamD debugging commands https://github.com/aws/amazon-vpc-cni-k8s/blob/master/docs/troubleshooting.md
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i curl -s http://localhost:61679/v1/enis | jq; echo; done
s
설정 변경 적용하기
실습 코드에 있는 eks.tf 파일 내 add-on 부분을 수정합니다.
WARM_IP_TARGET = "5", MINIMUM_IP_TARGET = "10" 주석 해제을 해제하였습니다.
# add-on
addons = {
coredns = {
most_recent = true
}
kube-proxy = {
most_recent = true
}
vpc-cni = {
most_recent = true
before_compute = true
configuration_values = jsonencode({
env = {
WARM_ENI_TARGET = "1" # 현재 ENI 외에 여유 ENI 1개를 항상 확보
WARM_IP_TARGET = "5" # 현재 사용 중인 IP 외에 여유 IP 5개를 항상 유지, 설정 시 WARM_ENI_TARGET 무시됨
MINIMUM_IP_TARGET = "10" # 노드 시작 시 최소 확보해야 할 IP 총량 10개
#ENABLE_PREFIX_DELEGATION = "true"
#WARM_PREFIX_TARGET = "1" # PREFIX_DELEGATION 사용 시, 1개의 여유 대역(/28) 유지
}
})
}
}
CNI 설정 변경 적용
# 모니터링
watch -d kubectl get pod -n kube-system -l k8s-app=aws-node # aws-node 데몬셋 파드 확인
watch -d eksctl get addon --cluster myeks # addon 확인
# 적용
terraform plan
terraform apply -auto-approve
-
적용 전
-
적용 후
변경 확인
# 파드 재생성 확인
kubectl get pod -n kube-system -l k8s-app=aws-node
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
aws-node-4jcw4 2/2 Running 0 5m20s
aws-node-4msh9 2/2 Running 0 5m24s
aws-node-p5xvd 2/2 Running 0 5m28s
# addon 확인
NAME VERSION STATUS ISSUES IAMROLE UPDATE AVAILABLE CONFIGURATION VALUES NAMESPACE POD IDENTITY ASSOCIATION ROLES
coredns v1.13.2-eksbuild.3 ACTIVE 0 kube-system
kube-proxy v1.34.5-eksbuild.2 ACTIVE 0 kube-system
vpc-cni v1.21.1-eksbuild.5 ACTIVE 0 **{"env":{"MINIMUM_IP_TARGET":"10","WARM_ENI_TARGET":"1","WARM_IP_TARGET":"5"}}** kube-system
# aws-node DaemonSet의 env 확인
kubectl get ds aws-node -n kube-system -o json | jq '.spec.template.spec.containers[0].env'
kubectl describe ds aws-node -n kube-system | grep -E "WARM_IP_TARGET|MINIMUM_IP_TARGET"
# 노드 정보 확인 : (hostNetwork 제외) 파드가 없는 노드에도 ENI 추가 확인!
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c addr; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo ip -c route; echo; done
# cni log 확인
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i tree /var/log/aws-routed-eni ; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo cat /var/log/aws-routed-eni/plugin.log | jq ; echo; done
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i sudo cat /var/log/aws-routed-eni/ipamd.log | jq ; echo; done
# IpamD debugging commands https://github.com/aws/amazon-vpc-cni-k8s/blob/master/docs/troubleshooting.md
for i in $N1 $N2 $N3; do echo ">> node $i <<"; ssh ec2-user@$i curl -s http://localhost:61679/v1/enis | jq; echo; done
4. AWS LBC with L4(NLB)
- AWS LBC(파드)가 AWS Service 를 이용하는 방법 4가지
- 방안1(IRSA)
- 방안2(Pod Identity)
- 방안3(EC2 Instance Profile - 비권장)
- 방안4(Static credentials - 보안 취약, 금지)
4.1 IRSA
OIDC Provider는 사용자 인증을 수행하고 사용자의 신원을 담은 토큰을 발행하는 인증 서버입니다. EKS에서 IRSA(IAM Roles for Service Accounts) 설정 시 AWS가 OIDC Provider 역할을 하여 Kubenetes 서비스 계정에 IAM 역할을 부여합니다.
- 사전 확인
aws iam list-open-id-connect-providers
{
"OpenIDConnectProviderList": [
{
"Arn": "arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:oidc-provider/oidc.eks.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/id/F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2"
},
{
"Arn": "arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:oidc-provider/token.actions.githubusercontent.com"
}
]
}
aws eks describe-cluster --name myeks \
--query "cluster.identity.oidc.issuer" \
--output text
https://oidc.eks.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/id/F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2
# public subnet 찾기
aws ec2 describe-subnets --filters "Name=tag:kubernetes.io/role/elb,Values=1" --output table
# private subnet 찾기
aws ec2 describe-subnets --filters "Name=tag:kubernetes.io/role/internal-elb,Values=1" --output table
IAM Policy 생성 Link
# IAM Policy json 파일 다운로드 : Download an IAM policy for the AWS Load Balancer Controller that allows it to make calls to AWS APIs on your behalf.
curl -o aws_lb_controller_policy.json https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-load-balancer-controller/refs/heads/main/docs/install/iam_policy.json
cat aws_lb_controller_policy.json | jq
# AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy 생성 : Create an IAM policy using the policy downloaded in the previous step.
aws iam create-policy \
--policy-name AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy \
--policy-document file://aws_lb_controller_policy.json
# 확인
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query "Account" --output text)
aws iam get-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT_ID:policy/AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy | jq
{
"Policy": {
"PolicyName": "AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy",
"PolicyId": "ANPAWQOUVOKAH2TKR6DCA",
"Arn": "arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:policy/AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy",
"Path": "/",
"DefaultVersionId": "v1",
"AttachmentCount": 1,
"PermissionsBoundaryUsageCount": 0,
"IsAttachable": true,
"CreateDate": "2025-07-28T05:54:46+00:00",
"UpdateDate": "2025-07-28T05:54:46+00:00",
"Tags": []
}
}
IRSA 생성
# IRSA 생성 : cloudforamtion 를 통해 IAM Role 생성 (eksctl 커맨드 입력시 )
CLUSTER_NAME=myeks
eksctl get iamserviceaccount --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME
kubectl get serviceaccounts -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller
eksctl create iamserviceaccount \
--cluster=$CLUSTER_NAME \
--namespace=kube-system \
--name=aws-load-balancer-controller \
--attach-policy-arn=arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT_ID:policy/AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy \
--override-existing-serviceaccounts \
--approve
eksctl get iamserviceaccount --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME
NAMESPACE NAME ROLE ARN
kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:role/eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-sys-Role1-UEBpugfNE9IV
# kube-system 네임스페이스에서 'aws-load-balancer-controller'라는 이름을 가진 serviceaccounts(sa)를 조회하여 YAML output으로 출력합니다.
kubectl get serviceaccounts -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
annotations:
eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn: arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:role/eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-sys-Role1-UEBpugfNE9IV
creationTimestamp: "2026-03-26T04:50:39Z"
labels:
app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: eksctl
name: aws-load-balancer-controller
namespace: kube-system
resourceVersion: "111146"
uid: a4292da1-2eab-44f0-8042-002be7e28b25
IAM Role 콘솔에서도 확인 가능
Trusted Relationship 의미
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"Federated": "arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:oidc-provider/oidc.eks.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/id/F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2" #ap-southeast-1 리전의 EKS 클러스터 전용 OIDC 엔드포인트를 신뢰대상으로 등록
},
"Action": "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity", #웹 ID(OIDC토큰)를 사용하여 이 역할을 수임(Assume)하는 것을 허용
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {
"oidc.eks.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/id/F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2:aud": "sts.amazonaws.com", #토큰 수신자가 AWS STS 서비스여야함
"oidc.eks.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/id/F077EF3C6046F7E7513BA007BFA218F2:sub": "system:serviceaccount:kube-system:aws-load-balancer-controller" #kube-system 네임스페이스에 있는 aws-load-balancer-controller라는 이름의 ServiceAccount만 이 역할을 수행할 수 있음
}
}
}
]
}
4.2 LBC 설치
# Helm Chart Repository 추가
helm repo add eks https://aws.github.io/eks-charts
helm repo update
"eks" has been added to your repositories
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "eks" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "geek-cookbook" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
# Helm Chart - AWS Load Balancer Controller 설치
# https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/aws/aws-load-balancer-controller
# https://github.com/aws/eks-charts/blob/master/stable/aws-load-balancer-controller/values.yaml
helm install aws-load-balancer-controller eks/aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system --version 3.1.0 \
--set clusterName=$CLUSTER_NAME \
--set serviceAccount.name=aws-load-balancer-controller \
--set serviceAccount.create=false
NAME: aws-load-balancer-controller
LAST DEPLOYED: Thu Mar 26 14:23:36 2026
NAMESPACE: kube-system
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
DESCRIPTION: Install complete
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
AWS Load Balancer controller installed!
# 확인
helm list -n kube-system
NAME NAMESPACE REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION
aws-load-balancer-controller kube-system 1 2026-03-26 14:23:36.997844 +0900 KST deployed aws-load-balancer-controller-3.1.0 v3.1.0
# 파드 상태 실패 확인
kubectl get pod -n kube-system -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller ✔ │ myeks ○ │ 02:24:16 PM
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
aws-load-balancer-controller-7875649799-ctmqf 0/1 CrashLoopBackOff 3 (25s ago) 96s
aws-load-balancer-controller-7875649799-nsxtl 0/1 CrashLoopBackOff 3 (29s ago) 96s
# 파드가 IMDS를 통해 자신이 속한 VPC ID를 조회하는데 실패한 것이 로그에서 확인됨
# failed to get VPC ID: failed to fetch VPC ID from instance metadata: error in fetching vpc id through ec2 metadata: get mac metadata: operation error ec2imds: GetMetadata, canceled, context deadline exceeded
kubectl logs -n kube-system deployment/aws-load-balancer-controller
Found 2 pods, using pod/aws-load-balancer-controller-7875649799-ctmqf
{"level":"info","ts":"2026-03-26T05:30:03Z","msg":"version","GitVersion":"v3.1.0","GitCommit":"250024dbcc7a428cfd401c949e04de23c167d46e","BuildDate":"2026-02-24T18:21:40+0000"}
{"level":"error","ts":"2026-03-26T05:30:08Z","logger":"setup","msg":"unable to initialize AWS cloud","error":"failed to get VPC ID: failed to fetch VPC ID from instance metadata: error in fetching vpc id through ec2 metadata: get mac metadata: operation error ec2imds: GetMetadata, canceled, context deadline exceeded"}
LBC 파드 생성 실패 원인
AWS Load Balancer Controller 파드가 ALB를 생성할 때, 자신이 속한 리전과 VPC ID가 지정되어 있지 않다면 알아내기 위해 기본적으로 EC2 내부 메타데이터 서버(IMDS)를 조회합니다. 최근 AWS의 보안 강화로 인해 EC2 인스턴스들은 메타데이터 서비스 버전 2(IMDSv2)를 기본으로 사용하는 경우가 많으며, IMDSv2는 보안을 위해 기본적으로 네트워크 홉(Hop) 제한을 1로 설정합니다.
aws-node나 kube-proxy 같은 시스템 파드는 호스트의 네트워크(hostNetwork: true)를 그대로 사용하므로 호스트에서 바로 패킷이 출발합니다. 따라서 추가 라우팅 없이 메타데이터 서버에 도달할 수 있어 TTL(Hop Limit)이 1이어도 충분합니다.
반면, 일반 Pod 내부에서 출발한 패킷은 가상 네트워크를 통해 호스트로 나가고, 호스트 커널에서 외부로 나가기 위해 라우팅을 1번(1 홉) 거쳐야 합니다. 따라서 중간에 패킷이 수명(TTL) 만료로 버려지지 않고 목적지까지 도달하려면, 초기 TTL(Hop Limit) 설정값이 2 이상이어야 합니다.
-
해결방안 1: helm 설치 시 파라미터 설정 - values
- 파드가 메타데이터를 조회할 필요가 없도록 배포 시
vpcId와region값을 추가합니다. -set region=region-code-set vpcId=vpc-xxxxxxxx- ```Bash # (참고) vpc id 확인 terraform state show 'module.vpc.aws_vpc.this[0]' terraform state show 'module.vpc.aws_vpc.this[0]' | grep ' id' terraform show -json | jq -r '.values.root_module.child_modules[] | select(.address == "module.vpc") | .resources[] | select(.address == "module.vpc.aws_vpc.this[0]") | .values.id' vpc-0db6bf1bbadee777d
# (참고) helm install aws-load-balancer-controller eks/aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system --version 3.1.0 \ --set clusterName=myeks \ --set serviceAccount.name=aws-load-balancer-controller \ --set serviceAccount.create=false \ --set region=ap-northeast-2 \ --set vpcId=vpc-0db6bf1bbadee777d
spec: containers: - args: - --cluster-name=my-cluster - --vpc-id=vpc-0a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h8 # 이 줄을 추가 # ...
- 해결방안 2: EC2 노드 그룹의 IMDS 홉 제한 늘리기 (1 → 2 로 변경) - AWS CLI: -Bash aws ec2 modify-instance-metadata-options \ --instance-id <노드의_EC2_인스턴스_ID> \ --http-put-response-hop-limit 2 \ --http-endpoint enabled ``` - AWS Console: -
- 파드가 메타데이터를 조회할 필요가 없도록 배포 시
4.3 도전과제: eks 모듈로 배포 시, 관리형 노드 그룹에 시작 템플릿에 imds hop limit = 2 적용 설정 해보기
EKS Managed Node Group을 사용하는 경우, 시작 템플릿(Launch Template)에서 인스턴스 메타데이터 옵션에서 '메타데이터 응답 홉 제한(Metadata response hop limit)'을 2로 변경하여 노드 그룹을 업데이트해야 합니다.
실습에서는 Terraform EKS 모듈로 배포하였으므로 Terraform에서 hop limit을 변경해보겠습니다.
# EKS Managed Node Group(s)
eks_managed_node_groups = {
# 1st 노드 그룹
primary = {
name = "${var.ClusterBaseName}-1nd-node-group"
use_name_prefix = false
instance_types = ["${var.WorkerNodeInstanceType}"]
desired_size = var.WorkerNodeCount
max_size = var.WorkerNodeCount + 2
min_size = var.WorkerNodeCount - 1
disk_size = var.WorkerNodeVolumesize
subnets = module.vpc.public_subnets
key_name = "${var.KeyName}"
vpc_security_group_ids = [aws_security_group.node_group_sg.id]
# node label
labels = {
tier = "primary"
}
metadata_options = {
http_put_response_hop_limit = 2 # 이 줄 추가!
}
- 테라폼 변경 전 시작 템플릿 조회:
Apply 후 Managed Node Group에 의해 새로운 버전의 시작 템플릿으로 롤링 업데이트가 진행됩니다.
k get node
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
ip-192-168-0-186.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 2m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f
ip-192-168-11-63.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 2m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f
ip-192-168-4-233.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal Ready <none> 2m v1.34.4-eks-f69f56f
- Terraform Apply 후 시작 템플릿 버전 2:
- 노드 그룹에서 사용하는 시작 템플릿 버전:
LBC 재시작
# Deployment 재시작 (콘솔 또는 CLI를 사용한 경우)
kubectl rollout restart -n kube-system deploy aws-load-balancer-controller
# 파드 상태 확인
kubectl get pod -n kube-system -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
aws-load-balancer-controller-769c84f77c-8ssrd 1/1 Running 0 5m20s
aws-load-balancer-controller-769c84f77c-9l7t9 1/1 Running 0 5m39s
# ELB 관련 crd(Custom Resource Definition) 확인
kubectl get crd | grep -E 'elb|gateway'
albtargetcontrolconfigs.elbv2.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
ingressclassparams.elbv2.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
listenerruleconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
loadbalancerconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
targetgroupbindings.elbv2.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
targetgroupconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
# 각 crd의 스페 정보 확인
kubectl explain ingressclassparams.elbv2.k8s.aws
kubectl explain ingressclassparams.elbv2.k8s.aws.spec
kubectl explain ingressclassparams.elbv2.k8s.aws.spec.listeners
kubectl explain targetgroupbindings.elbv2.k8s.aws.spec
kubectl explain albtargetcontrolconfigs.elbv2.k8s.aws.spec
# AWS Load Balancer Controller 확인
kubectl get deployment -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller
kubectl describe deploy -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller
kubectl describe deploy -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller | grep 'Service Account'
Service Account: aws-load-balancer-controller
# 클러스터롤, 롤 확인 (AWS의 IAM Policy같은 역할)
kubectl describe clusterrolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io aws-load-balancer-controller-rolebinding
kubectl describe clusterroles.rbac.authorization.k8s.io aws-load-balancer-controller-role
4.4 NLB로 서비스/파드 배포하기
# 모니터링
watch -d kubectl get pod,svc,ep,endpointslices
# 디플로이먼트 & 서비스 생성
cat << EOF > echo-service-nlb.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deploy-echo
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: deploy-websrv
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: deploy-websrv
spec:
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 0
containers:
- name: aews-websrv
image: k8s.gcr.io/echoserver:1.10 # open https://registry.k8s.io/v2/echoserver/tags/list
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: svc-nlb-ip-type
annotations:
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-nlb-target-type: ip # Pod IP에 바로 전달
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-scheme: internet-facing
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-healthcheck-port: "8080"
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-cross-zone-load-balancing-enabled: "true"
spec:
allocateLoadBalancerNodePorts: false # K8s 1.24+ 무의미한 NodePort 할당 차단
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
protocol: TCP
type: LoadBalancer
selector:
app: deploy-websrv
EOF
kubectl apply -f echo-service-nlb.yaml
NLB 생성 후 확인
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers --query 'LoadBalancers[*].State.Code' --output text
kubectl get deploy,pod
kubectl get svc,ep,ingressclassparams,targetgroupbindings
kubectl get targetgroupbindings -o json
- NLB에서 Pod의 IP로 바로 트래픽이 전달되는 것이 확인됨.
LBC가 주체가 되어 ELB 관리하기
NLB 서비스를 배포한 echo-service-nlb.yaml 파일에서 등록취소지연 속성 60초로 설정
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: svc-nlb-ip-type
annotations:
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-nlb-target-type: ip
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-scheme: internet-facing
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-healthcheck-port: "8080"
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-cross-zone-load-balancing-enabled: "true"
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-target-group-attributes: deregistration_delay.timeout_seconds=60
...
kubectl apply -f echo-service-nlb.yaml
# AWS ELB(NLB) 정보 확인
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers | jq
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers --query 'LoadBalancers[*].State.Code' --output text
ALB_ARN=$(aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers --query 'LoadBalancers[?contains(LoadBalancerName, `k8s-default-svcnlbip`) == `true`].LoadBalancerArn' | jq -r '.[0]')
aws elbv2 describe-target-groups --load-balancer-arn $ALB_ARN | jq
TARGET_GROUP_ARN=$(aws elbv2 describe-target-groups --load-balancer-arn $ALB_ARN | jq -r '.TargetGroups[0].TargetGroupArn')
aws elbv2 describe-target-health --target-group-arn $TARGET_GROUP_ARN | jq
{
"TargetHealthDescriptions": [
{
"Target": {
"Id": "192.168.2.153",
"Port": 8080,
"AvailabilityZone": "ap-northeast-2b"
},
"HealthCheckPort": "8080",
"TargetHealth": {
"State": "initial",
"Reason": "Elb.RegistrationInProgress",
"Description": "Target registration is in progress"
}
},
...
# 웹 접속 주소 확인
kubectl get svc svc-nlb-ip-type -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].hostname}' | awk '{ print "Pod Web URL = http://"$1 }'
# 파드 로깅 모니터링
kubectl logs -l app=deploy-websrv -f
혹은
kubectl stern -l app=deploy-websrvç
# 분산 접속 확인
NLB=$(kubectl get svc svc-nlb-ip-type -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].hostname}')
curl -s $NLB
for i in {1..100}; do curl -s $NLB | grep Hostname ; done | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
52 Hostname: deploy-echo-55456fc798-2w65p
48 Hostname: deploy-echo-55456fc798-cxl7z
# 지속적인 접속 시도 : 아래 상세 동작 확인 시 유용(패킷 덤프 등)
while true; do curl -s --connect-timeout 1 $NLB | egrep 'Hostname|client_address'; echo "----------" ; date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" ; sleep 1; done
# (신규 터미널) 모니터링
while true; do aws elbv2 describe-target-health --target-group-arn $TARGET_GROUP_ARN --output text; echo; done
# 작업용 EC2 - 파드 1개 설정
kubectl scale deployment deploy-echo --replicas=1
# 확인
kubectl get deploy,pod,svc,ep
NLB=$(kubectl get svc svc-nlb-ip-type -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].hostname}')
curl -s $NLB
for i in {1..100}; do curl -s --connect-timeout 1 $NLB | grep Hostname ; done | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
# 파드 3개 설정
kubectl scale deployment deploy-echo --replicas=3
# 확인 : NLB 대상 타켓이 아직 initial 일 때 100번 반복 접속 시 어떻게 되는지 확인해보자!
kubectl get deploy,pod,svc,ep
NLB=$(kubectl get svc svc-nlb-ip-type -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].hostname}')
curl -s $NLB
for i in {1..100}; do curl -s --connect-timeout 1 $NLB | grep Hostname ; done | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
# sa 확인
kubectl describe deploy -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller | grep -i 'Service Account'
Service Account: aws-load-balancer-controller
# [AWS LB Ctrl] 클러스터 롤 바인딩 정보 확인
kubectl describe clusterrolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io aws-load-balancer-controller-rolebinding
# [AWS LB Ctrl] 클러스터롤 확인
kubectl describe clusterroles.rbac.authorization.k8s.io aws-load-balancer-controller-role
5. Ingress with L7(ALB)
5.1 서비스/파드 배포 테스트 with Ingress(ALB)
# 게임 파드와 Service, Ingress 배포
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: game-2048
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
namespace: game-2048
name: deployment-2048
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app.kubernetes.io/name: app-2048
replicas: 2
template:
metadata:
labels:
app.kubernetes.io/name: app-2048
spec:
containers:
- image: public.ecr.aws/l6m2t8p7/docker-2048:latest
imagePullPolicy: Always
name: app-2048
ports:
- containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
namespace: game-2048
name: service-2048 # 서비스명 매치
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80
protocol: TCP
type: NodePort
selector:
app.kubernetes.io/name: app-2048
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
namespace: game-2048
name: ingress-2048
annotations:
alb.ingress.kubernetes.io/scheme: internet-facing
alb.ingress.kubernetes.io/target-type: ip
spec:
ingressClassName: alb
rules:
- http:
paths:
- path: /
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: service-2048 # 서비스명 매치
port:
number: 80
EOF
# 모니터링
watch -d kubectl get pod,ingress,svc,ep,endpointslices -n game-2048
# 생성 확인
kubectl get ingressclass
kubectl get ingress,svc,ep,pod -n game-2048
kubectl get-all -n game-2048
kubectl get targetgroupbindings -n game-2048
# ALB 생성 확인
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers --query 'LoadBalancers[?contains(LoadBalancerName, `k8s-game2048`) == `true`]' | jq
ALB_ARN=$(aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers --query 'LoadBalancers[?contains(LoadBalancerName, `k8s-game2048`) == `true`].LoadBalancerArn' | jq -r '.[0]')
aws elbv2 describe-target-groups --load-balancer-arn $ALB_ARN
TARGET_GROUP_ARN=$(aws elbv2 describe-target-groups --load-balancer-arn $ALB_ARN | jq -r '.TargetGroups[0].TargetGroupArn')
aws elbv2 describe-target-health --target-group-arn $TARGET_GROUP_ARN | jq
# Ingress 확인
kubectl describe ingress -n game-2048 ingress-2048
kubectl get ingress -n game-2048 ingress-2048 -o jsonpath="{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[*].hostname}{'\n'}"
k8s-game2048-ingress2-70d50ce3fd-365299319.ap-southeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com
# 게임 접속 : ALB 주소로 웹 접속
kubectl get ingress -n game-2048 ingress-2048 -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].hostname}' | awk '{ print "Game URL = http://"$1 }'
Game URL = http://k8s-game2048-ingress2-70d50ce3fd-365299319.ap-southeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com
# 파드 IP 확인
kubectl get pod -n game-2048 -owide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
deployment-2048-7bf64bccb7-knc42 1/1 Running 0 128m 192.168.10.31 ip-192-168-11-63.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal <none> <none>
deployment-2048-7bf64bccb7-tfhfl 1/1 Running 0 134m 192.168.2.167 ip-192-168-0-186.ap-southeast-1.compute.internal <none> <none>
- 대상에 파드 IP가 그대로 등록되어 있다. (노드의 Secondary IP), ALB에서 파드 IP로 직접 트래픽 전달
파드 수 조절하기
# 터미널1 (모니터링))
watch kubectl get pod -n game-2048
while true; do aws elbv2 describe-target-health --target-group-arn $TARGET_GROUP_ARN --output text; echo; done
# 파드 2개에서 3개로 늘리기
kubectl scale deployment -n game-2048 deployment-2048 --replicas 3
deployment.apps/deployment-2048 scaled
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
deployment-2048-7bf64bccb7-knc42 1/1 Running 0 139m
deployment-2048-7bf64bccb7-mq2gt 1/1 Running 0 73s
deployment-2048-7bf64bccb7-tfhfl 1/1 Running 0 145m
# 파드 1개로 줄이기
kubectl scale deployment -n game-2048 deployment-2048 --replicas 1
deployment.apps/deployment-2048 scaled
TARGETHEALTHDESCRIPTIONS 80
ADMINISTRATIVEOVERRIDE No override is currently active on target AdministrativeOverride.NoOverride no_override
TARGET ap-southeast-1a 192.168.2.167 80
TARGETHEALTH healthy
TARGETHEALTHDESCRIPTIONS 80
ADMINISTRATIVEOVERRIDE No override is currently active on target AdministrativeOverride.NoOverride no_override
TARGET ap-southeast-1b 192.168.5.238 80
TARGETHEALTH Target deregistration is in progress Target.DeregistrationInProgress draining
TARGETHEALTHDESCRIPTIONS 80
ADMINISTRATIVEOVERRIDE No override is currently active on target AdministrativeOverride.NoOverride no_override
TARGET ap-southeast-1c 192.168.10.31 80
TARGETHEALTH Target deregistration is in progress Target.DeregistrationInProgress draining
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
deployment-2048-7bf64bccb7-tfhfl 1/1 Running 0 146m
# 리소스 삭제
kubectl delete ingress ingress-2048 -n game-2048
kubectl delete svc service-2048 -n game-2048 && kubectl delete deploy deployment-2048 -n game-2048 && kubectl delete ns game-2048
6. ExternalDNS
6.1 ExternalDNS 설치
IRSA 생성하기
# 정책 파일 작성
cat << EOF > externaldns_controller_policy.json
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"route53:ChangeResourceRecordSets",
"route53:ListResourceRecordSets",
"route53:ListTagsForResources"
],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:route53:::hostedzone/*"
]
},
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"route53:ListHostedZones"
],
"Resource": [
"*"
]
}
]
}
EOF
# IAM 정책 생성
aws iam create-policy \
--policy-name ExternalDNSControllerPolicy \
--policy-document file://externaldns_controller_policy.json
# 확인
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query "Account" --output text)
aws iam get-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT_ID:policy/ExternalDNSControllerPolicy | jq
{
"Policy": {
"PolicyName": "ExternalDNSControllerPolicy",
"PolicyId": "ANPAWQOUVOKADAJHAJN52",
"Arn": "arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:policy/ExternalDNSControllerPolicy",
"Path": "/",
"DefaultVersionId": "v1",
"AttachmentCount": 0,
"PermissionsBoundaryUsageCount": 0,
"IsAttachable": true,
"CreateDate": "2026-03-26T15:39:01+00:00",
"UpdateDate": "2026-03-26T15:39:01+00:00",
"Tags": []
}
}
# IRSA 생성 : cloudformation(eksctl)을 통해 IAM Role 생성
CLUSTER_NAME=myeks
eksctl create iamserviceaccount \
--cluster=$CLUSTER_NAME \
--namespace=kube-system \
--name=external-dns \
--attach-policy-arn=arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT_ID:policy/ExternalDNSControllerPolicy \
--override-existing-serviceaccounts \
--approve
2026-03-27 00:40:00 [ℹ] 1 existing iamserviceaccount(s) (kube-system/aws-load-balancer-controller) will be excluded
2026-03-27 00:40:00 [ℹ] 1 iamserviceaccount (kube-system/external-dns) was included (based on the include/exclude rules)
2026-03-27 00:40:00 [!] metadata of serviceaccounts that exist in Kubernetes will be updated, as --override-existing-serviceaccounts was set
2026-03-27 00:40:00 [ℹ] 1 task: {
2 sequential sub-tasks: {
create IAM role for serviceaccount "kube-system/external-dns",
create serviceaccount "kube-system/external-dns",
} }2026-03-27 00:40:00 [ℹ] building iamserviceaccount stack "eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-system-external-dns"
2026-03-27 00:40:00 [ℹ] deploying stack "eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-system-external-dns"
2026-03-27 00:40:01 [ℹ] waiting for CloudFormation stack "eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-system-external-dns"
2026-03-27 00:40:31 [ℹ] waiting for CloudFormation stack "eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-system-external-dns"
# 확인
eksctl get iamserviceaccount --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME
NAMESPACE NAME ROLE ARN
kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:role/eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-sys-Role1-UEBpugfNE9IV
kube-system external-dns arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:role/eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-sys-Role1-0NmRWXtmFizR
# k8s 에 SA 확인
# Inspecting the newly created Kubernetes Service Account, we can see the role we want it to assume in our pod.
kubectl get serviceaccounts -n kube-system external-dns -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
annotations:
eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn: arn:aws:iam::{AccountID}:role/eksctl-myeks-addon-iamserviceaccount-kube-sys-Role1-0NmRWXtmFizR
creationTimestamp: "2026-03-26T15:40:32Z"
labels:
app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: eksctl
name: external-dns
namespace: kube-system
resourceVersion: "228784"
uid: 6459ac30-92b0-49e1-8d68-0e5fb545df30
6.2 ExternalDNS 배포하기
# 자신의 도메인 변수 지정
MyDomain=<자신의 도메인>
MyDomain=siyoung.cloud
# 설정 파일 작성
cat << EOF > external-dns-values.yaml
provider: aws
serviceAccount: # 위에서 생성한 ServiceAccount와의 연동
create: false
name: external-dns
domainFilters: # 특정 도메인만 관리하도록 제한
- $MyDomain
policy: sync # 실습이니 sync로 진행, 쿠버네티스에서 삭제되면 Route 53에서도 삭제함. prod에서는 upsert-only
sources: # 리소스 감지 대상
- service
- ingress
txtOwnerId: "stduy-myeks-cluster"
registry: txt
logLevel: info
EOF
# Helm 레포지토리 추가 및 업데이트
helm repo add external-dns https://kubernetes-sigs.github.io/external-dns/
helm repo update
# 차트 설치
helm install external-dns external-dns/external-dns \
-n kube-system \
-f external-dns-values.yaml
NAME: external-dns
LAST DEPLOYED: Fri Mar 27 01:44:03 2026
NAMESPACE: kube-system
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
DESCRIPTION: Install complete
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
***********************************************************************
* External DNS *
***********************************************************************
Chart version: 1.20.0
App version: 0.20.0
Image tag: registry.k8s.io/external-dns/external-dns:v0.20.0
***********************************************************************
<!-- 🚧 DEPRECATIONS 🚧
The following features, functions, or methods are deprecated and no longer recommended for use.
❗❗❗ DEPRECATED ❗❗❗ The legacy 'provider: <name>' configuration is in use. Support will be removed in future releases. -->
# hube-system 네임스페이스 내 설치된 helm 패키지 확인
helm list -n kube-system
NAME NAMESPACE REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION
aws-load-balancer-controller kube-system 1 2026-03-26 14:23:36.997844 +0900 KST deployed aws-load-balancer-controller-3.1.0 v3.1.0
external-dns kube-system 1 2026-03-27 01:44:03.347352 +0900 KST deployed external-dns-1.20.0 0.20.0
kube-ops-view kube-system 1 2026-03-26 11:50:53.533044 +0900 KST deployed kube-ops-view-1.2.2 20.4.0
# external-dns 파드의 상태 확인
kubectl get pod -l app.kubernetes.io/name=external-dns -n kube-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
external-dns-756c9d56cb-rs28z 1/1 Running 0 10m
# 로그 모니터링
kubectl logs deploy/external-dns -n kube-system -f
6.3 NLB + ExternalDNS 도메인 연동
# 터미널1 (모니터링)
watch -d 'kubectl get pod,svc'
kubectl logs deploy/external-dns -n kube-system -f
혹은
kubectl stern -l app.kubernetes.io/name=external-dns -n kube-system
# 테트리스 디플로이먼트 배포
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: tetris
labels:
app: tetris
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: tetris
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: tetris
spec:
containers:
- name: tetris
image: bsord/tetris
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: tetris
annotations:
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-nlb-target-type: ip
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-scheme: internet-facing
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-cross-zone-load-balancing-enabled: "true"
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-backend-protocol: "http"
#service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-healthcheck-port: "80"
spec:
selector:
app: tetris
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
type: LoadBalancer
EOF
# 배포 확인
kubectl get deploy,svc,ep tetris
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
deployment.apps/tetris 1/1 1 1 43s
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/tetris LoadBalancer 10.100.87.152 k8s-default-tetris-fd2d6718ea-6004ab8abc1791cc.elb.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com 80:31116/TCP 43s
NAME ENDPOINTS AGE
endpoints/tetris 192.168.2.223:80 43s
# NLB에 ExternanDNS 로 도메인 연결
MyDnzHosedZoneId={내 Route53 Hosted Zone ID}
kubectl annotate service tetris "external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname=tetris.$MyDomain"
while true; do aws route53 list-resource-record-sets --hosted-zone-id "${MyDnzHostedZoneId}" --query "ResourceRecordSets[?Type == 'A']" | jq ; date ; echo ; sleep 1; done
service/tetris annotated
[
{
"Name": "tetris.siyoung.cloud.",
"Type": "A",
"AliasTarget": {
"HostedZoneId": "ZKVM4W9LS7TM",
"DNSName": "k8s-default-tetris-fd2d6718ea-6004ab8abc1791cc.elb.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com.",
"EvaluateTargetHealth": true
}
}
# Route53에 A레코드 확인
aws route53 list-resource-record-sets --hosted-zone-id "${MyDnzHostedZoneId}" --query "ResourceRecordSets[?Type == 'A']" | jq
# 확인
dig +short tetris.$MyDomain @8.8.8.8
dig +short tetris.$MyDomain
52.221.64.176
13.229.168.204
47.130.118.23
# 도메인 체크
echo -e "My Domain Checker Site1 = https://www.whatsmydns.net/#A/tetris.$MyDomain"
echo -e "My Domain Checker Site2 = https://dnschecker.org/#A/tetris.$MyDomain"
My Domain Checker Site1 = https://www.whatsmydns.net/#A/tetris.siyoung.cloud
My Domain Checker Site2 = https://dnschecker.org/#A/tetris.siyoung.cloud
# 웹 접속 주소 확인 및 접속
echo -e "Tetris Game URL = http://tetris.$MyDomain"
Tetris Game URL = http://tetris.siyoung.cloud
- 웹사이트 접속 확인
- 리소스 삭제:
kubectl delete deploy,svc tetris(위에서 정의한 sync 정책으로 연결된 리소스 삭제시 Route53 A레코드 함께 삭제)
6.4 도전과제: Service(NLB + TLS) + 도메인 연동(ExternalDNS)
# 환경 변수 지정
MyDomain=<자신의 도메인>
MyDomain=siyoung.cloud
# 해당 도메인의 ACM ARN을 임시 변수에 저장
export ACMARN=$(aws acm list-certificates \
--certificate-statuses ISSUED \
--query "CertificateSummaryList[?DomainName=='$MyDomain'].CertificateArn" \
--output text)
# 설정 파일 작성
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: tetris
labels:
app: tetris
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: tetris
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: tetris
spec:
containers:
- name: tetris
image: bsord/tetris
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: tetris
annotations:
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-nlb-target-type: ip
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-scheme: internet-facing
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-cross-zone-load-balancing-enabled: "true"
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-backend-protocol: "http"
#service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-healthcheck-port: "80"
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-ssl-ports: "443" # 443번 포트에 대해 SSL/TLS 암호화를 적용
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-protocol: "tls" # NLB 리스너의 프로토콜을 TLS 타입으로 생성
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-ssl-cert: "$ACMARN" # ACM 인증서 ARN
external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname: "tetris.$MyDomain" # Route 53에 자동으로 등록할 도메인 주소
spec:
selector:
app: tetris
ports:
- port: 443
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
type: LoadBalancer
EOF
- 웹사이트 HTTPS 접속 확인
7. Gateway API
7.1 Gateway API 설치
사전 준비
# 최소 v2.13.0 버전 이상의 LBC 사용
kubectl describe pod -n kube-system -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller | grep Image: | uniq
Image: public.ecr.aws/eks/aws-load-balancer-controller:v3.1.0
# Gateway API CRDs 설치 필요 (K8s 공식)
# --server-side=true
# [REQUIRED] # Standard Gateway API CRDs
kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/releases/download/v1.3.0/standard-install.yaml
# [OPTIONAL: Used for L4 Routes] # Experimental Gateway API CRDs
kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/releases/download/v1.3.0/experimental-install.yaml
kubectl get crd | grep gateway.networking
backendtlspolicies.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:20:05Z
gatewayclasses.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:19:28Z
gateways.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:19:29Z
grpcroutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:19:30Z
httproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:19:30Z
referencegrants.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:19:31Z
tcproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:20:09Z
tlsroutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:20:09Z
udproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:20:10Z
xbackendtrafficpolicies.gateway.networking.x-k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:20:10Z
xlistenersets.gateway.networking.x-k8s.io 2026-03-26T18:20:11Z
kubectl api-resources | grep gateway.networking
backendtlspolicies btlspolicy gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha3 true BackendTLSPolicy
gatewayclasses gc gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1 false GatewayClass
gateways gtw gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1 true Gateway
grpcroutes gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1 true GRPCRoute
httproutes gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1 true HTTPRoute
referencegrants refgrant gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1 true ReferenceGrant
tcproutes gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2 true TCPRoute
tlsroutes gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2 true TLSRoute
udproutes gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2 true UDPRoute
xbackendtrafficpolicies xbtrafficpolicy gateway.networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1 true XBackendTrafficPolicy
xlistenersets lset gateway.networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1 true XListenerSet
# yaml에 명세하는 spec 확인, -required-는 필수로 설정이 필요한 항목
kubectl explain gatewayclasses.gateway.networking.k8s.io.spec
kubectl explain gateways.gateway.networking.k8s.io.spec
kubectl explain httproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io.spec
# LBC Gateway API specific CRDs 설치 (AWS 전용, 추가설정 관리)
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-load-balancer-controller/refs/heads/main/config/crd/gateway/gateway-crds.yaml
kubectl get crd | grep gateway.k8s.aws
listenerruleconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
loadbalancerconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
targetgroupconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws 2026-03-26T05:23:36Z
kubectl api-resources | grep gateway.k8s.aws
listenerruleconfigurations gateway.k8s.aws/v1beta1 true ListenerRuleConfiguration
loadbalancerconfigurations gateway.k8s.aws/v1beta1 true LoadBalancerConfiguration
targetgroupconfigurations gateway.k8s.aws/v1beta1 true TargetGroupConfiguration
kubectl explain loadbalancerconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws.spec
kubectl explain listenerruleconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws.spec
kubectl explain targetgroupconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws.spec
LBC에 Gateway API 활성화
# 설치 정보 확인
helm list -n kube-system
helm get values -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller # helm values 에 Args 및 활성화 값이 현재는 없어 직접 수정 필요함.
kubectl describe deploy -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller | grep Args: -A2
Args:
--cluster-name=myeks
--ingress-class=alb
# 모니터링
kubectl get pod -n kube-system -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller --watch
# 나노 에디터로 LBC Deployment를 수정함.
# deployment 에 feature flag를 활성화 : By default, the LBC will not listen to Gateway API CRDs.
KUBE_EDITOR="nano" kubectl edit deploy -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller
...
- args:
- --cluster-name=myeks
- --ingress-class=alb
- --feature-gates=NLBGatewayAPI=true,ALBGatewayAPI=true
...
# 확인
kubectl describe deploy -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller | grep Args: -A3
Args:
--cluster-name=myeks
--ingress-class=alb
--feature-gates=NLBGatewayAPI=true,ALBGatewayAPI=true
ExternalDNS에 Gateway API 지원 설정
# deployment에 gateway api 지원 설정 : external-dns-values.yaml 파일 편집 -> 아래 추가
--------------------------
# 리소스 감지 대상
sources:
- service
- ingress
- gateway-httproute
- gateway-grpcroute
- gateway-tlsroute
- gateway-tcproute
- gateway-udproute
--------------------------
# ExternalDNS 에 gateway api 지원 설정
helm upgrade -i external-dns external-dns/external-dns -n kube-system -f external-dns-values.yaml
# 확인
kubectl describe deploy -n kube-system external-dns | grep Args: -A15
Args:
--log-level=info
--log-format=text
--interval=1m
--source=service
--source=ingress
--source=gateway-httproute
--source=gateway-grpcroute
--source=gateway-tlsroute
--source=gateway-tcproute
--source=gateway-udproute
--policy=sync
--registry=txt
--txt-owner-id=stduy-myeks-cluster
--domain-filter=gasida.link
--provider=aws
7.2 샘플 애플리케이션 배포
모니터링
# 로그 모니터링
kubectl logs -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system -f
혹은
kubectl stern -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system
loadbalancerconfigurations - Docs
# 기본 설정은 internal이므로 internet-facing으로 변경
# loadbalancerconfigurations 생성
kubectl explain loadbalancerconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws.spec
...
scheme <string>
enum: internal, internet-facing
scheme defines the type of LB to provision. If unspecified, it will be
automatically inferred.
...
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.k8s.aws/v1beta1
kind: LoadBalancerConfiguration
metadata:
name: lbc-config
namespace: default
spec:
scheme: internet-facing
EOF
# 확인
kubectl get loadbalancerconfiguration -owide
NAME AGE
lbc-config 21s
gatewayclasses
# controllerName 필수
# gatewayclasses 생성
kubectl explain gatewayclasses.spec
kubectl explain gatewayclasses.spec.parametersRef
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: GatewayClass
metadata:
name: aws-alb
spec:
controllerName: gateway.k8s.aws/alb
parametersRef:
group: gateway.k8s.aws
kind: LoadBalancerConfiguration
name: lbc-config # aws-alb라는 gatewayclass를 생성할 때 위에서 만든 lbc-config 참조
namespace: default
EOF
# gatewayclasses 확인 : 약어 gc
kubectl get gatewayclasses -o wide # 약어 = k get gc
NAME CONTROLLER ACCEPTED AGE DESCRIPTION
aws-alb gateway.k8s.aws/alb True 10s
gateway
# gateways 생성
kubectl explain gateways.spec
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: alb-http
spec:
gatewayClassName: aws-alb # 위에서 만든 gc 사용
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
EOF
# gateways 확인 : 약어 gtw
kubectl get gateways # k get gtw
NAME CLASS ADDRESS PROGRAMMED AGE
alb-http aws-alb k8s-default-albhttp-b5a9f3dbc4-1257241845.ap-southeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com Unknown 22s
# ALB 생성 확인
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers | jq
aws elbv2 describe-target-groups # 대상그룹은 비어있음
# 로그 모니터링
kubectl logs -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system -f
혹은
kubectl stern -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system
- 생성된 ALB 인바운드 규칙에 http 80 확인
샘플 애플리케이션 배포
# 게임 파드와 Service 배포
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deployment-2048
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app.kubernetes.io/name: app-2048
replicas: 2
template:
metadata:
labels:
app.kubernetes.io/name: app-2048
spec:
containers:
- image: public.ecr.aws/l6m2t8p7/docker-2048:latest
imagePullPolicy: Always
name: app-2048
ports:
- containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: service-2048
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80
protocol: TCP
type: ClusterIP
selector:
app.kubernetes.io/name: app-2048
EOF
# 모니터링
watch -d kubectl get pod,ingress,svc,ep,endpointslices
# 생성 확인
kubectl get svc,ep,pod
TargetGroupConfiguration - Docs
# TagetType의 기본 값이 instance이므로 ip로 변경
# TargetGroupConfiguration 생성
kubectl explain httproutes.gateway.k8s.aws.spec
kubectl explain targetgroupconfigurations.gateway.k8s.aws.spec.defaultConfiguration
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.k8s.aws/v1beta1
kind: TargetGroupConfiguration
metadata:
name: backend-tg-config
spec:
targetReference:
name: service-2048
defaultConfiguration:
targetType: ip
protocol: HTTP
EOF
# 확인
kubectl get targetgroupconfigurations -owide
NAME SERVICE-NAME AGE
backend-tg-config service-2048 6s
# ALB 확인
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers | jq
aws elbv2 describe-target-groups | jq # 대상 그룹 아직 비어있음
httproute
# 서비스 도메인명 변수 지정
GWMYDOMAIN=<각자 자신의 도메인명>
GWMYDOMAIN=gwapi.siyoung.cloud
# httproute 생성
kubectl explain httproutes.spec
kubectl explain httproutes.spec.parentRefs
kubectl explain httproutes.spec.hostnames
kubectl explain httproutes.spec.rules
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: alb-http-route
spec:
parentRefs:
- group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: Gateway
name: alb-http
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- $GWMYDOMAIN
rules:
- backendRefs:
- name: service-2048
port: 80
EOF
# 확인
kubectl get httproute
NAME HOSTNAMES AGE
alb-http-route ["gwapi.siyoung.cloud"] 51s
# ALB 확인
aws elbv2 describe-load-balancers | jq
aws elbv2 describe-target-groups | jq
# 로그 모니터링
kubectl logs -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system -f
혹은
kubectl stern -l app.kubernetes.io/name=aws-load-balancer-controller -n kube-system
- AWS 콘솔상 ALB 리소스맵 확인
접속 테스트
# 확인
dig +short $GWMYDOMAIN @8.8.8.8
dig +short $GWMYDOMAIN
# 도메인 체크
echo -e "My Domain Checker Site1 = https://www.whatsmydns.net/#A/$GWMYDOMAIN"
echo -e "My Domain Checker Site2 = https://dnschecker.org/#A/$GWMYDOMAIN"
# 웹 접속 주소 확인 및 접속
echo -e "GW Api Sample URL = http://$GWMYDOMAIN"
-
-
리소스 삭제:
kubectl delete httproute,targetgroupconfigurations,Gateway,GatewayClass --all
8. 자원 삭제
# IRSA 설정 삭제
CLUSTER_NAME=myeks
eksctl delete iamserviceaccount --cluster=$CLUSTER_NAME --namespace=kube-system --name=external-dns
eksctl delete iamserviceaccount --cluster=$CLUSTER_NAME --namespace=kube-system --name=aws-load-balancer-controller
# 확인
eksctl get iamserviceaccount --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME
# 테라폼 리소스 삭제
terraform destroy -auto-approve && rm -rf ~/.kube/config
2026-03-26